Table of contents

• NAME
• SYNOPSIS
• DESCRIPTION
• DEVICES SUPPORTED
• OPTIONS
• SAMPLE EXECUTION
• FILE NAME CACHE
• FILE SEARCHING
• DYNAMIC FONT CREATION
• FONT SUBSTITUTION
• VIRTUAL FONTS
• PAPER SPECIFICATIONS
• KEY BINDINGS
• SCREEN CONTROL
• SPECIALS
• ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
• IBM PC CAVEATS
• INITIALIZATION FILES
• FILES
• SEE ALSO
• BUGS
• AUTHORS

NAME

SYNOPSIS

dvixxx	[-?]
	[-accountingfile:filename] [-author#]
	[-backwards[#]] [-boundingbox:#][-bytelimit#]
	[-cachefonts[#]] [-copies#]
	[-copyleft[#]] [-copyright#]
	[-d#] [-d:selection]
	[-debugfile:filename] [-dviprefix:name]
	[-epsf] [-errsuffix:name]
	[-fontsubfile:filename]
	[-heavyduty[#]] [-help]
	[-inifile:filename]
	[-keybindings:none] [-keybindings:{program}]
	[-landscape[#]] [-logging[#]]
	[-m#] [-magnification#]
	[-magstep#] [-manualfeed[#]][-maxbufsize#]
	[-maxdownloadedfonts#] [-maxdrift#]
	[-maxfontstorage#] [-maxopenfonts#]
	[-meritfactor#] [-model:modelname]
	[-name:name] [-nospecials#]
	[-o#]... [-o#:#]...
	[-o#:#:#]... [-o#:#:#:#]...
	[-o#,#,...,#]
	[-o\*(fT<item>\*(fP.\*(fT<item>\*(fP.\*(fT<item>\*(fP...]...
	[-offset#]
	[-outfile:filename] [-outsuffix:name]
	[-paintmode][-paper:name] [-paper:{program}]
	[-preload[#]] [-print[#]] [-pslevel[#]]
	[-quiet[#]]
	[-reloadafter#] [-rename:OLDNAME=NEWNAME]
	[-resolution#][-reversevideo[#]] [-runlengthcode[#]]
	[-set:ENVVAR=value][-sizelimit#] [-spooloutput[#]]
	[-squeeze#]
	[-version]
	[-x#units] [-y#units]
	[@\*(fTindirectfile\*(fP]...
	\*(fTdvifile1\*(fP [\*(fTdvifile2\*(fP ...]

DESCRIPTION

DEVICES SUPPORTED

\*(fTdvialw\*(fP

\*(Ps (Apple LaserWriter and others)

\*(fTdviapo\*(fP

Apollo workstation screen display (Aegis and UNIX)

\*(fTdvibit\*(fP

Version 3.10 BBN BitGraph terminal

\*(fTdvica2\*(fP

Canon LBP-8 A2 and LBP-II laser printers

\*(fTdvican\*(fP

Canon LBP-8 A2 and LBP-II laser printers

\*(fTdvicub\*(fP

IBM PC Cubicomp PC-10 screen display

\*(fTdvidot\*(fP

Dot-matrix printer driver supporting many different printers and resolutions, including

• Anadex Silent Scribe printer;
• Apple ImageWriter printer;
• DEC LA50, LA75, and LA100 printers;
• old DEC LN03 printers without resident font support;
• Epson 9-pin family FX and MX printers and compatibles (many, including Citizen Overture 110, Mannesman Tally 85, Panasonic KX-P1091i and Star NX-100);
• Epson 24-pin LQ family printer, and clones such as Fujitsu DL2400;
• Hewlett-Packard DeskJet ink-jet printer;
• Hewlett-Packard LaserJet laser printer (original dumb version without the downloaded font support added in the LaserJet Plus and Series II);
• Hewlett-Packard ThinkJet ink-jet printer;
• IBM 4202 Proprinter (which supports only a subset of Epson FX commands, with a few incompatible sequences)
• MPI Sprinter printer;
• OKIDATA Pacemark 2410 printer;
• OKIDATA 192 Plus printer;
• Panasonic 9-and 24-pin printers;
• Phillips GP printer;
• Printronix printer;
• Toshiba P-1351 printer, and other Toshiba models.

\*(fTdvihl8\*(fP

Brother HL-8 laser printer

\*(fTdviimp\*(fP

Imagen imPRESS-language laser printer family

\*(fTdviirt\*(fP

IBM RT 6150 console preview

\*(fTdvijep\*(fP

Hewlett-Packard LaserJet Plus and Series II laser printer

\*(fTdvikyo\*(fP

Kyocera F-1010 laser printer.

\*(fTdvilzr\*(fP

Dataproducts LZR-1230 laser printer

\*(fTdvisun\*(fP

SUN SunWindows workstation screen display

\*(fTdvityp\*(fP or \*(fTdvitype\*(fP

DVI Translator for human-readable output

\*(fTdviupc\*(fP

AT&T UNIX PC workstation screen display

\*(fTdvivga\*(fP

IBM PC VGA screen previewer

OPTIONS

\*(fT
arg:a-%
    very-%
    long-%
    value
\*(fP

\*(fT
"arg:a-
    very-
    long-
    value"
\*(fP

\*(fT
arg:a-%
    very-%

    long-%
    value
\*(fP

\*(fT
arg:a-\
    very-\
    long-\
    value
\*(fP

\*(fT
arg:a-\
very-\
long-\
value
\*(fP

\*(fT
"arg:\\
value"

"arg:\\\nvalue"
\*(fP

\*(fT
"arg:\
value"
\*(fP

\*(fT
"arg:
value"
\*(fP

\*(fT
{ foo = "}}}{{{"; }
\*(fP

\*(fT
{
        % {{{
        foo = "}}}{{{";
        % }}}
}

{ foo = "\175\175\175\173\173\173"; }

{ foo = "\x7d\x7d\x7d\x7b\x7b\x7b"; }

{
        foo = "\175\175\175{{{";        % }}}
}
\*(fP

-?

Give a help message and terminate.

-accountingfile:filename

This option provides for the recording of accounting information in a specified file. Normally, it would be set only in a system-wide \*(fTdvi.ini\*(fP file. See the Initialization Files section. The file must already exist for recording to be done. Thus, removal or renaming of the accounting file will suppress recording. Processing of each \*(fT.dvi\*(fP file adds a one-line record to the end of the accounting file with these fields:

• time stamp in the form 1992.03.21 11:41:56 MST;
• milliseconds of CPU time;
• milliseconds of wall-clock time;
• driver name;
• driver version and date;
• \*(fT.dvi\*(fP file name;
• current working directory;
• pages processed;
• user personal name;
• user login name;
• domain name of host computer;
• command-line image.

The format of accounting entries is designed to be easily parsable with \*(fTawk\*(fP or \*(fTtex\*(fP.

-author

Display an author credit and terminate. Sometimes the drivers have been separated from their documentation; this option provides a way to recover from that situation.

-backwards{[#]}

Flip or set the backwards printing order flag. For example, laser printers using the Canon LBP-CX print engine should normally receive pages in reverse order because they stack printed side up. However, some printers with this engine have page handling mechanisms that stack pages face down, and in such a case -backwards will ensure that they come out in order 1, 2, 3, ... instead of n, n-1, n-2, ....

-boundingbox{[#]}

Flip or set the PostScript bounding box flag. Normally, \*(fTdvialw\*(fP outputs a PostScript \*(fT%%BoundingBox\*(fP comment that reflects the physical page size. However, if you use TeX to produce a figure for insertion in another document, you may want the exact bounding box calculated instead; set the bounding box flag to do so. The default value for this flag is zero, making the bounding box the same as the page size.

-bytelimit#

Set a limit on how much memory (in bytes) may be used for the page bitmap for those drivers that construct one (usually dot-matrix printers). There is a built-in default limit, but no reasonable fixed number will ever work in all cases.

-cachefonts{[#]}

Flip or set the font caching flag. This feature is available in the DVI drivers only on a few operating systems. When a font file is opened, a buffer is allocated to contain the entire file, and the file is then read with one system call. This is important primarily on networked file systems, where the many random-access calls in the font file for small amounts of data entail substantial network overhead. With the entire file cached in local memory, this overhead is removed. The additional memory required for the font file buffers amounts to 100K to 200K bytes (assuming the compact PK font file format), which is not excessive. If memory cannot be allocated for a font file, then normal buffering of small blocks is used. A trace option (-d:font-cache) is provided to monitor the font caching; see above.

-copies#

Print \*(fT#\*(fP copies of each output page. Page copies are printed consecutively; this does not give multiple collated copies of the entire job.

-copyleft

Print a copyright message and terminate.

-copyright

Print a copyright message and terminate.

-d#

Produce debugging output on \*(fTstderr\*(fP (switchable to \*(fTstdout\*(fP, or another file with the -debugfile option) if a non-zero value is given. Multiple -d switches may be specified, and you may also add values of the possible options to obtain the switch value. Since numeric values are not easy to remember, alphabetical values for debug options are supported; they may be abbreviated to the minimum unique prefix. Numeric values may be specified as well in octal (signaled by a leading zero), or in hexadecimal (prefixed by 0x); thus, -d64, -d0100, and -d0x40 are equivalent.

1 or 0x00001 or stdout

switch debug output from \*(fTstderr\*(fP to \*(fTstdout\*(fP (useful on PC DOS which does not provide for command-line redirection of \*(fTstderr\*(fP to a disk file);

2 or 0x00002 or char-dump

display page coordinates and metrics of each output character, and print each character bitmap in hexadecimal;

4 or 0x00004 or char-pos

display updated page coordinate of each character after each call to the function \*(fTfixpos()\*(fP;

8 or 0x00008 or open-okay

print filename and open mode of each successful file opening, and print filename again at file close;

16 or 0x00010 or open-fail

print filename and open mode of each unsuccessful file opening;

24 or 0x00018 or open

print filename and open mode of all attempted file openings, and file closings;

32 or 0x00020 or char-off-page

show discarded off-page text;

64 or 0x00040 or font-cache

trace font caching;

128 or 0x00080 or set-text

trace character setting (lots of output);

256 or 0x00100 or malloc or

memory-allocation trace virtual memory allocation and freeing;

512 or 0x00200 or bitmap

print non-zero rows of page bitmap in hexadecimal (bit-mapped printers only);

1024 or 0x00400 or form-default

print the parameters of the default paper form;

2048 or 0x00800 or forms

print the parameters of all known paper forms;

4096 or 0x01000 or font-name

or fonts print the names of the document fonts required, and where possible, the names of the corresponding font files;

8192 or 0x02000 or sun

print trace of \*(fTdvisun\*(fP execution;

16384 or 0x04000 or environment

print environment variable names and values;

32768 or 0x08000 or lookup

trace filename cache lookups;

65536 or 0x10000 or char-invisible

trace typesetting of characters which are not visible.

For example, either -d8 -d16 or -d24 will trace all attempted file openings. You can use -d16 to track down failures to find any fonts at all.

-debugfile:filename

Specify an alternate filename for debug output, which otherwise goes to \*(fTstderr\*(fP, or \*(fTstdout\*(fP (when -d1 is specified). This option overrides any -d1 option.

-dviprefix:prefix

On systems that support long names, the default output file extension is \*(fT.dvi-xyz\*(fP, where \*(fTxyz\*(fP is the suffix of the driver name, \*(fTdvixyz\*(fP. Otherwise, the output file extension is \*(fT.xyz\*(fP. This option allows the replacement of the string \*(fTdvi-\*(fP with something else.

-epsf

(Device = \*(Ps printers only). Reload fonts for each page, ensuring that the output conforms to Adobe's Encapsulated \*(Ps File format, in which each page specification is independent of other pages. This option is not recommended for routine use, because it vastly increases the size of the output file. Use it to create \*(Ps files that will be incorporated as figures in other \*(Ps documents.

-errsuffix:suffix

Driver log files are normally named with an extension \*(fT.dvi-err\*(fP when long file names are available, and otherwise with \*(fT.err\*(fP. This option allows the replacement of the string \*(fTerr\*(fP with an alternate one.

-fontsubfile:filename

Define an alternate font substitution file which is to be used instead of the default ones. See the Font Substitution section.

-heavyduty{[#]}

(Device = Phillips GP printer only). Flip or set the heavy duty printing flag. A warning message will be issued for pages that require this option if it has not already been selected. It is needed for pages that are more than half black (unlikely in normal typesetting applications).

-help

Give a help message and terminate.

-inifile:filename

This option permits the user to specify a specific initialization file containing options to be processed. More than one such option can be given; the files will be processed in the order they are found, and after the standard initialization files. See the Initialization Files section. Initialization files may also contain -inifile options. These files may be nested to a depth of 10, a reasonable limit set to prevent infinite loops.

-keybindings:none or -keybindings:{...}

Define key bindings for an interactive display driver. The first form clears all default key bindings, except that it leaves \*(fTq\*(fP and \*(fTQ\*(fP bound to the \*(fTquit\*(fP function, so you always have some way of stopping the driver. The second form, a braced argument, consists of a series of assignment statements of the form \*(fTdisplay_function = "key"\*(fP, just as for the -paper switch. See the Key Bindings section.

-landscape{[#]}

If zero (the default), select portrait mode. If positive, select landscape mode (portrait mode rotated +90 degrees) with top at left of physical output page. If negative, select landscape mode (portrait mode rotated -90 degrees) with top at right of physical output page. At present, \*(fTdvialw\*(fP does not support negative page rotations; a negative value will be forced positive. You can use this option instead of a -paper specification, but avoid using them both together since a non-zero value for -landscape causes the horizontal and vertical paper dimensions to be interchanged.

-logging{[#]}

Flip or set the flag inhibiting logging of error and warning messages.

-m# or -magnification#

Reset magnification to \*(fT#\*(fP. The default for most low resolution printers is -m603, corresponding to 1/1.2^5 magnification of 300-dot/inch fonts, although \*(fTdvidot\*(fP sets the magnification according to the vertical resolution of the output device model selected. This switch overrides any previous, or built-in, magnification request. By TeX conventions, magnification 1000 corresponds to a 200-dot/inch output device; that is, 5 units in the magnification represents 1 dot/inch. The default magnification is always adjusted according to the output device resolution in order to give a normal page size, so this parameter should rarely be required. Built-in values normally range over \*(fT\magstep\*(fPs -15 ... +15 for the fonts matching the resolution of the output device, but may be further limited by the \*(fTFONTMAGS\*(fP environment variable. Not all fonts will be available in this wide range, and most installations will probably have only a half dozen or so magnifications. The drivers always attempt to find the closest available magnification.

-magstep#

Set the output magnification to 1.2 raised to the power of the argument value. This value modifies the default magnification, which be a built-in value, or one set by a previous -magnification# switch.

-manualfeed{[#]}

(Device = Canon A2 or II only). Flip or set the manual paper feed flag.

-maxbufsize#

By default, drivers will allocate I/O buffers at the size defined by the host implementation. On some systems, it may be desirable to modify the buffer size; this option makes that possible. The parameter value is measured in bytes. Setting a sufficiently large value can make it possible to read a file with just one system call. The actual buffer allocated will never be larger than the file size.

-maxdownloadedfonts#

(Device = Canon A2 or II only). The numeric value is the limit on the number of fonts that will be downloaded to the printer.

-maxdrift#

Specify the maximum deviation in output device pixel units between TeX's precise positioning, and that computed from addition of pixel coordinates. The default value is 2, as suggested by \*(fTdvitype\*(fP. Larger values are likely to reduce output quality; a 0 value will increase the output file size somewhat. This option should be used only rarely. The \*(fTdvitype\*(fP algorithm (used in the entire driver family) is undergoing some rethinking in the TeX community, and this option may disappear in a later version.

-maxfontstorage#

(Device = Canon A2 or II only). Specify the number of bytes available in the printer for downloaded fonts. Consult the program code for further details; specification of this option should rarely be needed.

-maxopenfonts#

Each open font file requires about 12KB of dynamic memory, plus space for file buffers and any font rasters that are loaded. This gives a memory requirement of 20KB\(mi50KB per open font. The DVI drivers by default automatically keep as many font files open as the system permits, except on PC DOS, where because of severe memory limits, no more than 5 will be open at once. This option makes it possible to limit the number of open fonts even further when memory is scarce; nonsense values will be replaced by reasonable defaults.

-meritfactor#

(Device = Canon A2 or II only). Specify a merit factor for deciding whether to download a character as a font, or as a bitmap. Consult the program code for further details; specification of this option should rarely be needed.

-model:modelname

This option requests use of features appropriate to a particular printer model, where the differences between models are small enough that separate drivers are not warranted. Model names may be abbreviated as long as they remain unique for a particular driver. At version 3.0 of the driver family, only \*(fTdvidot\*(fP and \*(fTdvijep\*(fP process this option. \*(fTdvidot\*(fP expects one of the following values:

• Anadex-144Hx144V
• Anadex-72Hx72V
• Apple-IW-144Hx144V
• Apple-IW-72Hx72V
• DEC-LA100-144Hx72V
• DEC-LA100-72Hx72V
• DEC-LA50-144Hx72V
• DEC-LA50-72Hx72V
• DEC-LA75-144Hx144V
• DEC-LA75-72Hx72V
• Epson-FX-60Hx72V
• Epson-FX-72Hx72V
• Epson-FX-80Hx72V
• Epson-FX-240Hx216V
• Epson-LQ-180Hx180V
• HP-DeskJet-75Hx75V
• HP-DeskJet-100Hx100V
• HP-DeskJet-150Hx150V
• HP-DeskJet-300Hx300V
• HP-LaserJet-75Hx75V
• HP-LaserJet-100Hx100V
• HP-LaserJet-150Hx150V
• HP-LaserJet-300Hx300V
• HP-ThinkJet-96Hx96V
• IBM-60Hx72V
• IBM-240Hx216V
• MPI-144Hx144V
• MPI-72Hx72V
• OKIDATA-192-144Hx144V
• OKIDATA-192-72Hx72V
• OKIDATA-2410-144Hx144V
• OKIDATA-2410-72Hx72V
• Panasonic-60Hx72V
• Panasonic-72Hx72V
• Panasonic-240Hx216V
• Phillips-GP-144Hx144V
• Phillips-GP-72Hx72V
• Printronix-60Hx72V
• Toshiba-180Hx180V

Because these model names are rather long, it is recommended that you supply the -model switch in the driver \*(fT.ini\*(fP file, instead of on the command line. See the Initialization Files section. If you will use more than one of these options, it is simplest to make a copy (or on \UNIX, a link) of \*(fTdvidot\*(fP under a different name for each model, so that separate initialization files can set the correct -model setting. \*(fTdvijep\*(fP expects values of either plus for the normal Hewlett-Packard LaserJet Plus (the default), or series-ii for the Hewlett-Packard LaserJet Series II. The Series II has somewhat wider limits on the sizes of downloaded characters, and supports an alternate font header; nevertheless, it accepts output for the Plus as well. Since large characters are printed as bitmaps, rather than as downloaded characters, the printer font limits do not restrict the sizes of characters that can be printed on either model.

-name:name

The driver name, \*(fTdvixyz\*(fP, is used as a base name for the initialization file. This option makes it possible to replace that choice with an alternate name.

-nospecials#

Flip or set the flag that causes \*(fT\special\*(fP requests to be ignored. This is sometimes useful for proofing manuscripts containing graphics images that take a long time to output. It is also useful when the DVI file contains \*(fT\special\*(fP requests whose syntax is not recognized by this driver family.

-o<selection>

Specify a page number, or range of page numbers, or list of page numbers, to be selected for output. This option may be given any number of times; each new selection is appended to the current selection list. However, for interactive display drivers, only the initial page number of the first -o switch is used. If this option is not specified, then all pages will be output. The \*(fT<selection>\*(fP value may be either a colon-separated list of 1 to 4 decimal numbers, or a comma-separated list of 1 or more numbers, or a dot-separated list of 1 to 10 decimal numbers. Embedded whitespace is not permitted in the list. The commonest form is the colon-separated list, which specifies page numbers according to their sequential order in the DVI file, starting from 1. The first number is the starting page number, the second is the ending number, the third is the page number step size (default 1). The fourth number is an offset to be added to the first and second numbers; this is a convenience when the document contains leading material before page 1. A value from a previously-specified -offset switch will also be added to the first and second numbers. When a comma-separated list of numbers is provided, only those pages are selected for printing. A value from a previously-specified -offset switch will also be added to each of the numbers. Negative page numbers count backward; -1 is the last page in the document, -2 the second last page, and so on. If the second number is prefixed by an explicit plus sign, it is taken as a page count, instead of an ending page number. For example, -o1:3 -o12 -o17:23 -o-3:-1 would select pages 1, 2, 3, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23, plus the last three pages. -o88:98:1:7 would select pages 95 through 105, since an offset of 7 is to be added to the starting and ending page numbers. -o88:+10:1:7 would select the same set of pages. -o2,3,12,27 would select pages 2, 3, 12, and 27. Specification of a page number step size is useful for producing duplex (two-sided) printing. For example, with laser printers using the Canon LBP-CX engine, the first run could specify -o1:9999:2, which would stack output face up, beginning with the last page, and ending with page 1 on top. The printed pages can then be reinserted in the input tray face up, page 1 on the top, exactly as they were found in the output tray, with the top of the page in the tray closest to the end which is inserted first into the printer. A second run with -backwards -o2:9999:2 would then print pages 2, 4, ..., on the backs of pages 1, 3, ...; note the -backwards option to get backwards order on the second run. The alternate form of \*(fT<selection>\*(fP is a dot-separated list to provide for matching against the TeX \*(fT\count0\*(fP ... \*(fT\count9\*(fP values stored with each page in the DVI file. Each item in the list is either a single number specifying an exact match with the corresponding \*(fT\count\*(fP value, a colon-separated pair of numbers defining a range in which the corresponding \*(fT\count\*(fP value is found, or an asterisk, which matches any value of the corresponding \*(fT\count\*(fP. If fewer than ten items are provided, the omitted ones always match. Any \*(fT\count\*(fP value that is zero always matches the corresponding item, because unset counters are set to zero by TeX. For example, -o1:3.*.4 matches pages with \*(fT\count0\*(fP in the range 1...3, and \*(fT\count2\*(fP equal to 4; all other counter values are ignored. As pages are selected for printing, \*(fT[#{#}\*(fP will be printed on \*(fTstderr\*(fP, where the first \*(fT#\*(fP is the page number in the file, and the second \*(fT#\*(fP is a string of values of the TeX counters \*(fT\count0\*(fP through \*(fT\count9\*(fP, separated by dots, with trailing zero counters dropped. \*(fT\count0\*(fP usually records the printed page number. When the page is completely output, a closing \*(fT]\*(fP will be printed on \*(fTstderr\*(fP. Any error messages from processing of that page will therefore occur between the square brackets. Pages are processed in the order found in the DVI file; there is intentionally no attempt made to sort them according the \*(fT\count0\*(fP values, since different macro packages may use this counter for different purposes, and in the case of floating tables and figures, the pages may not be in order anyway.

-offset#

Documents with front matter may have several pages preceding the physical page that is numbered 1. To ease specification of page numbers, this option can be used to provide a constant offset to be added to all succeeding page numbers specified in -o switches. That offset remains in effect until overridden by a later -offset# switch.

-outfile:filename

Normally, the drivers automatically construct an output file name by supplying a distinguishing file extension to the base name of the input \*(fT.dvi\*(fP file. When disk space is scarce, it may be necessary to put the output on a different file system. Similarly, when output is to be sent to a printer on PC DOS, time and disk space can be saved if the output file is the printer device, \*(fTPRN\*(fP. This option provides for these needs. When this option is used, it applies to all \*(fT.dvi\*(fP files on the command line, and the output will be the concatenation of the normal output files. Care should be exercised in multiprocessing operating systems when this option is used to send the output directly to a spooler directory; on some systems, the spooler could begin reading it before it has been completely written. In most systems, the spooler software would be prevented from reading the file until it had been properly closed. Use of this option on PC DOS is not likely to work for the serial ports, \*(fTCOMn:\*(fP, because the standard serial port device driver does not provide the XON/XOFF flow control expected by most printers; printer buffer overrun will result in data loss and incorrect output. For a printer on a parallel port, -outfile:prn should result in error-free transmission.

-outsuffix:name

On systems that support long names, the default output file extension is \*(fT.dvi-xyz\*(fP, where \*(fTxyz\*(fP is the suffix the driver name, \*(fTdvixyz\*(fP. Otherwise, it is \*(fT.xyz\*(fP. This option allows the replacement of the string \*(fTxyz\*(fP with something else.

-paintmode

(Device = Canon A2 only). Select paint mode 2.

-paper:name or -paper:{...}

The first format selects a paper type by name. The default is -paper:A, which corresponds to US 8.5in x 11in letter paper. The second format defines parameters of a paper type; it should seldom be used on the command line, but instead in an initialization file. See the Initialization Files section. See the Paper Specifications section. The built-in paper types recognized are given in the following table; specifications for others can be set from -paper:{...} options. The suffix ``-L'' indicates landscape mode.

Form Name	Width	Height
A	8.5in	11in
A-L	11in	8.5in
A4	210mm	297mm
A4-L	297mm	210mm
B4	250mm	353mm
B4-L	353mm	250mm
Computer-1411	14in	11in
Computer-1411-L	11in	14in
Legal	8.5in	13in
Legal-L	13in	8.5in
Letter	8.5in	11in
Letter-L	11in	8.5in
US-legal	8.5in	14in
US-legal-L	14in	8.5in

The drivers use the paper dimensions to determine the size of the page bitmap needed (if any), and to avoid processing off-page characters.

-preload{[#]}

Flip or set the flag to inhibit font preloading. This may produce output a few seconds earlier when all pages are output, but should have negligible effect on the execution time, and consequently, should normally not be specified. When individual pages are being printed with the -o# option, preloading is necessary (and will be forced) to ensure that all fonts are defined before they are referenced.

-print{[#]}

Flip or set the output spooling flag. This is a synonym for -spooloutput; see its documentation for details.

-pslevel{[#]}

Set the \*(Ps language level. This option may be specified for any DVI driver, but is significant only for \*(fTdvialw\*(fP. Older \*(Ps devices (approximately pre-1991) have \*(Ps Level 1, and that is the default language level assumed by \*(fTdvialw\*(fP. Newer devices have \*(Ps Level 2. The most important Level 2 feature for \*(fTdvialw\*(fP is a more compact encoding of binary font data that can reduce the size of the output \*(Ps file by as much as 30%. Thus, if you are sure that you will only need to output to a Level 2 device, then you can specify -pslevel:2 to ask \*(fTdvialw\*(fP to use \*(Ps Level 2 features.

-quiet{[#]}

Flip or set the quiet mode flag. Status displays to \*(fTstderr\*(fP are suppressed, unless warning or error messages are issued. For interactive display drivers, warning messages are suppressed.

-reloadafter#

Force reloading of all required fonts after printing of \*(fT#\*(fP pages. A zero value (the default) suppresses this action. This provides a mechanism for getting around limited memory of some \*(Ps printers, particularly the Apple LaserWriter.

-rename:OLDNAME=NEWNAME

This option provides a way to rename any built-in environment variable name; it would normally be used only in an initialization file.

-resolution#

(Device = HP LaserJet only). Specify the LaserJet output resolution in dots per inch. \*(fT#\*(fP must be one of 75, 100, 150, or 300. The actual output file is identical in each case, except for a single escape sequence that sets the resolution; only the size on the output page is changed, because the resolution change is effected by printing 1 x 1, 2 x 2, 3 x 3, or 4 x 4 pixel blocks. (Device = \*(Ps only). Specify the \*(Ps device resolution in dots per inch. Typical values for laser printers are 300, 400, and 600. \*(Ps devices will accept files of different resolutions; however, the character bitmap resampling will degrade output quality.

-reversevideo{[#]}

(Driver = \*(fTdvivga\*(fP only). Flip or set the reverse video screen display flag.

-runlengthcode{[#]}

(Driver = \*(fTdvidot\*(fP). Flip or set the run-length encoding flag for compression of the output file; the default is no such encoding. Run-length encoding is generally worthwhile with most of the printers supported by \*(fTdvidot\*(fP. However, for the Toshiba P-1351 printer, it reduces the output file size typically by 10% to 40%, but increases host CPU time for the preparation of the output file, and because of poor logic in the printer, may double the print time! The print quality is also substantially worse, so this option is generally not recommended for that printer. It is probably a good idea to experiment with a few typical files before deciding whether on not to make run-length coding the default (by putting -runlengthcode in a driver \*(fT.ini\*(fP file).

-set:VAR=value

Define the value of an environment variable on the command line. See the Environment Variables section. The acceptable values for VAR are \*(fTDVIFONTS\*(fP, \*(fTDVIHELP\*(fP, \*(fTDVIINPUTS\*(fP, \*(fTDVISCREEN\*(fP, \*(fTFONTFMT\*(fP, \*(fTFONTMAGS\*(fP, \*(fTFSMAPFILE\*(fP, \*(fTMAKETEXPK\*(fP, \*(fTMISSINGFONTLOG\*(fP, \*(fTPSMAPFILE\*(fP, \*(fTSPOOLFMT\*(fP, \*(fTTEXFONTS\*(fP, \*(fTTEXINPUTS\*(fP and \*(fTTFMFMT\*(fP. The system search path can also be set, though it is unlikely to be useful to do so. Its name is operating-system dependent; typical values are \*(fTPATH\*(fP, \*(fTSYS\*(fP, and \*(fTSYS$SYSTEM\*(fP. Under normal use of the translators, these can be set by TOPS-20 and VAX VMS \*(fTdefine VAR: value\*(fP commands, by a PC DOS \*(fTset VAR=value\*(fP command, or by UNIX \*(fTcsh\*(fP \*(fTsetenv VAR value\*(fP or \*(fTsh\*(fP \*(fTVAR=value\*(fP commands. When the translator is invoked by another program, such as a print spooler, on some systems it may not be possible to set a particular value of an environment variable for the subprocess, so this option gets around this limitation. On most UNIX systems, it should be possible to use the call \*(fTsystem("VAR=value; dvixxx filename")\*(fP.

-sizelimit#

(Device = \*(Ps only). Force characters larger than \*(fT#\*(fP pixels wide or high to be reloaded each time they are required. The Version 23.0 \*(Ps interpreter has a bug which manifests itself in fatal ``VM error'' messages when large characters are sent. A reasonable default value has been set for this which should normally avoid the problem. Specifying -sizelimit=0 will cause reloading of every character each time it is used.

-spooloutput{[#]}

Flip or set the output spooling flag. For each DVI file processed, type in a TOPS-20 EXEC command \*(fTDVISPOOL: dvifilename\*(fP (on UNIX, \*(fTDVISPOOL dvifilename\*(fP) followed by a newline, or when terminal typein is unavailable, invoke a fresh copy of the command processor to execute the command. The user may then define \*(fTDVISPOOL:\*(fP (or \*(fTDVISPOOL\*(fP) to be a program or shell script which sends the translation of the DVI file to the appropriate output spooler or printing device.

-squeeze#

This option is effective only with \*(fTdvialw\*(fP. A value of 1 requests that comments be stripped from \*(Ps files included by \*(fT\special{}\*(fP commands. A value of 2 causes leading and trailing whitespace on each line to be discarded, and adjacent whitespace to be compressed to a single blank. These values can be added to get both options. The default is to copy the \*(Ps file verbatim, since if the file does contain binary data (rare, but legal), this squeezing cannot be done safely. With most \*(Ps files, however, you can use -squeeze:3 without problems.

-version

Display the program version number and terminate.

-x#units

The -x options specify the left margin of the TeX page on the output page in any of several units. Letter case is not significant in the units field, which must not be separated from the number by any space. \*(fT#\*(fP may be fractional. For example, -x1.0in, -x2.54cm, -x72.27pt, and -x6.0225pc all specify a one-inch left margin. Negative values are permissible, and may be used to shift the output page left (possibly truncating it on the left) in order to display a wide TeX page. The units field may be one of

bp	big point (1in = 72bp)
cc	cicero (1cc = 12dd)
cm	centimeter (1in = 2.54cm)
dd	didot point (1157dd = 1238pt)
in	inch
mm	millimeter (10mm = 1cm)
pc	pica (1pc = 12pt)
pt	point (72.27pt = 1in)
sp	scaled point (65536sp = 1pt)

If a unit is omitted, big points are assumed.

-y#units

The -y options specify the top margin of the TeX page on the output page in any of the indicated units. Letter case is not significant in the unit field, which must not be separated from the number by any space. \*(fT#\*(fP may be fractional. For example, -y1.0in, -y2.54cm, -y72.27pt, and -y6.0225pc all specify a one-inch top margin. Negative values are permissible, and may be used to shift the output page up (possibly truncating it on the top) in order to display a long TeX page. By decree of the Stanford TeX Project, the default TeX page origin is always 1 inch over and down from the top-left page corner, even when non-American paper sizes are used. This corresponds to the switch settings -x1in -y1in; these values are assumed unless overridden.

SAMPLE EXECUTION

\*(fT
% latex biblio.ltx
This is TeX, C Version 3.14
(biblio.ltx
LaTeX Version 2.09 <14 January 1991>
(/usr/local/lib/tex/latex/report.sty
Document Style `report' <24 May 89>.
(/usr/local/lib/tex/latex/rep11.sty)
(/usr/local/lib/tex/latex/titlepage.sty))
(mybiblio.sty
Mybibliography environment style - Version 0.0 - 15-May-1986
) (biblio.aux) [0] (biblio1.ltx
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]) [8] (biblio.aux) )
(see the transcript file for additional information)
Output written on biblio.dvi (9 pages, 18728 bytes).
Transcript written on biblio.log.

% dvialw -x0.3in -y0.2in biblio ~/tex/ndvi/test/story
[TeX DVI Translator Version 3.0.116 [18-Mar-1992]]
[PostScript [300-dpi laser printers]]
[Compiled on Mar 19 1992 08:08:55 by <beebe@solitude.math.utah.edu>]
[Input from DVI file biblio.dvi]
[Output on file biblio.dvi-alw]
[9 pages]
[1500 magnification]
[TeX output 1992.03.21:1422]
[9{8}] [8{7}] [7{6}] [6{5}] [5{4}] [4{3}] [3{2}] [2{1}] [1{0}]  [OK]
[Input from DVI file /u/sy/beebe/tex/ndvi/test/story.dvi]
[Output on file /u/sy/beebe/tex/ndvi/test/story.dvi-alw]
[1 page]
[1500 magnification]
[TeX output 1988.01.21:0840]
[1{1}]  [OK]
\*(fP

\*(fT
TeXspool: dvifile
\*(fP

\*(fT
define TeXspool: sys:dvialw.exe
\*(fP

\*(fT
@dvitype
DVIFILE    : story.dvi
OUTPUT     : tty:
This is DVItype, Tops-20 Version 2.8
Output level (default=3, ? for help):
Starting page (default=*):
Maximum number of pages (default=1000000):
Assumed device resolution in pixels per inch (default=300/1):
New magnification (default=0 to keep the old one):
Options selected:
  Starting page = *
  Maximum number of pages = 1000000
  Output level = 3 (the works)
  Resolution =  300.00000000 pixels per inch
numerator/denominator=25400000/473628672
magnification=1000;       0.00006334 pixels per DVI unit
' TeX output 1986.06.20:1039'
Postamble starts at byte 569.
maxv=43725786, maxh=30785863, maxstackdepth=3, totalpages=1
Font 33: amsl10---loaded at size 655360 DVI units
Font 23: ambx10---loaded at size 655360 DVI units
...and so on...
\*(fP

FILE NAME CACHE

\*(fT
find /usr/local/lib/tex/fonts -print | sort >texfiles.map
\*(fP

FILE SEARCHING

• If a file name cache exists, the file name is searched for there. If an absolute file name is found, then that name is used, and the file system is not consulted.
• If the cache lookup fails, then the file is searched for in each directory in the search path in turn, from the first directory to the last. If the file is found to exist, then that name is used.

A subsequent attempt to open the file may fail if the file is not actually found in the file system, or is inaccessible to the user. In such a case, a suitable message will be issued. In the event of duplicate file names in the search path, the directory search order will not be obeyed if the cache lookup is successful. The search path used depends on the file type: font file lookups use the \*(fTDVIFONTS\*(fP path, and all others (accounting, font substitution, initialization, map, option, and \*(fT\special\*(fP) use the current directory, then the \*(fTDVIINPUTS\*(fP path. If \*(fTDVIFONTS\*(fP is not set, then the value of \*(fTTEXFONTS\*(fP is copied into it at driver startup. Similarly, if \*(fTDVIINPUTS\*(fP is not set, the value of \*(fTTEXINPUTS\*(fP is copied into it. Compile-time default values for search paths may be overridden by values from run-time initialization files, environment variables, and command-line options, in that order. The compiled-in names of all environment variables, including those that name search paths, may be changed by -rename options in initialization files or on the command line. For font files, the search is more complicated, because TeX usually does not record font file names in the \*(fT.dvi\*(fP file, but only a base font name, like cmr10, and a magnification. DVI drivers must map this information into a file name, and since several font file formats are supported, there are correspondingly many possible font file names. The \*(fTFONTFMT\*(fP variable provides a list of file name templates, usually excluding directory specifications, to specify the order and types of font files to look for. At many sites, this might include just PK and VF font types, in that order, but more generally, could include PK, GF, PXL, and VF fonts in any desired order. Usually PK or GF types would precede VF types in the list, because most TeX jobs use native TeX fonts more frequently than virtual fonts, and it is more efficient to look first for the more common types. The drivers first attempt to find a font file for the specified magnification, trying each \*(fTFONTFMT\*(fP template in turn, and for each such name, the file name cache and if necessary, the \*(fTDVIFONTS\*(fP search path, are consulted. If that fails, then the drivers invoke a subprocess to create the required font dynamically, and the previous search steps are repeated. If that still fails, the font substitution file is consulted to find an alternate font name, and possibly, alternate font magnification, and if a substitution is found, the search steps are repeated. If that too fails, then the original font name is restored, and the magnification is reset to the closest known magnification, and the first search procedure is repeated. The known magnifications are set at compile time, but possibly overridden at run time by the \*(fTFONTMAGS\*(fP variable. However, this time, if the search fails, no attempt will be made to create a font dynamically, but font substitution will be still be attempted. If this is still unsuccessful, the next closest magnification to the original is attempted, and the process is repeated, until all known magnifications have been considered. If no font file can be found by this exhausting search, the drivers use the \*(fTTFMFMT\*(fP variable to construct a TeX font metric file name, and search for it in the file name cache and if necessary, in the \*(fTDVIFONTS\*(fP directories. If the font metrics are available, then correct character spacing can be maintained even if the character shapes are empty. If no font metric file can be found, then the search is terminated, and execution proceeds with a font with zero-size characters and empty shapes. Because TeX frequently typesets successive characters with commands to advance the horizontal position by the width of the current character, lack of character metrics means that following characters on the line will likely be positioned incorrectly. A warning message is always issued if font substitution occurs, or a nearby magnification is used, or no shapes are available, to alert the user that the output is not completely correct.

DYNAMIC FONT CREATION

\*(fT
MakeTeXPK fontname dpi basedpi magnification [mode [subdir]]
\*(fP

\*(fT
MakeTeXPK cmr10 432 300 'magstep(2)'
\*(fP

\*(fT
MakeTeXPK %n %d %b %m "" /%bdpi
\*(fP

FONT SUBSTITUTION

\*(fT
% comment
oldname.oldmag  ->      subname.submag  % comment
oldname oldmag  ->      subname submag  % comment
oldname         ->      subname         % comment
\*(fP

\*(fT
% These provide replacements for some LaTeX invisible fonts:
iamr10 1500     ->      amr10 1500      % comment
iamr10.1500     ->      amr10.1500      % comment
iamssb8         ->      amssb8          % comment
\*(fP

* matches zero or more of any character;

? matches exactly one of any character.

In \*(fToldname\*(fP and \*(fToldmag\*(fP, the wildcard matching is against the font name and magnification from the DVI file. On a successful match, the \*(fToldxxx\*(fP value is replaced by the corresponding value from the DVI file. In \*(fTsubname\*(fP and \*(fTsubmag\*(fP, wildcard matching is against \*(fToldname\*(fP and \*(fToldmag\*(fP. On a successful match, \*(fTsubxxx\*(fP is replaced by the corresponding \*(fToldxxx\*(fP value. Some examples may clarify this:

\*(fT
*.1499  -> *.1500   % replace 1499 mag fonts by 1500 fonts
cm*.848 -> *.849    % replace cm 848 mag fonts by 849 mag
amr10.* -> cmr10.*  % replace mags of amr10 by cmr10 mags
*.*     -> cmtt10.* % replace missing fonts by cmtt10 fonts
\*(fP

\*(fT
am*.* -> cm*.*    % replace all am fonts by cm fonts
\*(fP

VIRTUAL FONTS

• They provide a way to renumber characters within a font.
• They permit creation of new fonts from characters of existing fonts.
• They provide a consistent mechanism for making device-resident fonts available for use with TeX.

Knuth went further, however, allowing a character from a virtual font to be described in terms of the commands available in DVI files. A virtual font character can be made up of an arbitrary number of characters from other fonts, even virtual ones, and even the same virtual font. It can incorporate positioning commands, horizontal and vertical rules, and even TeX \*(fT\special\*(fP commands. With the latter, a font could be made to consist of arbitrarily-complex line drawings and raster images using color and grey-scale. A considerable amount of work is necessary to create descriptions of virtual fonts and to prepare TeX macros to make the fonts readily usable, and DVI drivers must be extended to deal with the new font format. We cannot treat these issues here, but it is necessary to sketch how virtual fonts are used in practice, and how the DVI drivers make use of them. The treatment here focuses on \*(Ps fonts; this DVI driver family at present contains support for device-resident fonts only in the \*(Ps driver, \*(fTdvialw\*(fP. Future versions of \*(fTdvijep\*(fP may provide support for Hewlett-Packard PCL fonts in the widely-used LaserJet and DeskJet printers. Suppose that you wish to use the \*(Ps New Century Schoolbook fonts for a document. The first step is to obtain a suitable macro file to make their use transparent. Tom Rokicki's \*(fTdvips\*(fP distribution contains LaTeX styles for all of the \*(Ps fonts commonly found in laser printers, and normally, these are stored in a TeX subdirectory named \*(fTps\*(fP in the top-level TeX directory. The one we want is \*(fTncs.sty\*(fP, and it can be used like this:

\*(fT
\documentstyle[ncs]{article}
\*(fP

\*(fT
\font \tentt   = pccr at 10pt
\font \tensf   = phvr at 10pt
\font \tenrm   = pncr at 10pt
\font \sevenrm = pncr at 7pt
\font \fiverm  = pncr at 5pt
\*(fP

\*(fT
\font \twentyfivesl = Helvetica-Narrow-BoldOblique at 25pt
\*(fP

\*(fT
rpcrr   Courier
rphvr   Helvetica
rpncr   NewCenturySchlbk-Roman
\*(fP

\*(fT
rphvrrn Helvetica-Narrow "/Helvetica .82 ExtendFont"
rpoprrn Optima-Narrow    <Optima.pfb "/Optima .82 ExtendFont"
rpplro  Palatino-Oblique "/Palatino-Roman .167 SlantFont"
rpstrn  StoneInformal    <StoneInformal.pfb
rptmrre Times-Expanded   "/Times-Roman 1.2 ExtendFont"
rptmrrn Times-Narrow     "/Times-Roman .8 ExtendFont"
rputr   Utopia-Regular   <putr.pfa
\*(fP

PAPER SPECIFICATIONS

\*(fT\a\*(fP	alarm bell
\*(fT\b\*(fP	backspace
\*(fT\f\*(fP	formfeed
\*(fT\n\*(fP	newline
\*(fT\r\*(fP	carriage return
\*(fT\t\*(fP	horizontal tab
\*(fT\v\*(fP	vertical tab
\*(fT\\\*(fP	backslash
\*(fT\'\*(fP	apostrophe (single quote)
\*(fT\"\*(fP	quotation mark (double quote)
\*(fT\ooo\*(fP	octal character value
\*(fT\xhh\*(fP	hexadecimal character value

Keyword	Type	Description
\*(fTdev_init\*(fP	string	initiate device use of paper
\*(fTdev_term\*(fP	string	terminate device use of paper
\*(fTheight\*(fP	dimension	paper height
\*(fToutput_order\*(fP	number	negative for printing last to first
\*(fTpaper\*(fP	string	paper form name
\*(fTuse\*(fP	string	name of copied paper form
\*(fTwidth\*(fP	dimension	paper width
\*(fTx_clip\*(fP	number	clip in x direction if non-zero
\*(fTx_left\*(fP	dimension	width of left unprintable margin
\*(fTx_right\*(fP	dimension	width of right unprintable margin
\*(fTx_origin\*(fP	dimension	horizontal offset of TeX (0,0) point
\*(fTy_bottom\*(fP	dimension	width of bottom unprintable margin
\*(fTy_clip\*(fP	number	clip in y direction if non-zero
\*(fTy_origin\*(fP	dimension	vertical offset of TeX (0,0) point
\*(fTy_top\*(fP	dimension	width of top unprintable margin

\*(fT
dev_term = "\ 04";
\*(fP

KEY BINDINGS

Function	Description
\*(fTexit_level\*(fP	return from current display level
\*(fTfirst_page\*(fP	go to first document page
\*(fTgoto_page\*(fP	go to n-th document page
\*(fThelp\*(fP	ask for help
\*(fThome_window\*(fP	set window to original position
\*(fThorizontal_scroll_fraction\*(fP	overlap for horizontal scroll
\*(fThorizontal_move_fraction\*(fP	overlap for horizontal move
\*(fTlast_page\*(fP	go to last document page
\*(fTmove_down\*(fP	move text down
\*(fTmove_left\*(fP	move text left
\*(fTmove_right\*(fP	move text right
\*(fTmove_up\*(fP	move text up
\*(fTnext_page\*(fP	go to next page
\*(fTnoop\*(fP	do nothing
\*(fTprevious_page\*(fP	go to previous page
\*(fTquit\*(fP	quit program execution
\*(fTredisplay\*(fP	redisplay current page
\*(fTscroll_down\*(fP	scroll window down
\*(fTscroll_left\*(fP	scroll window left
\*(fTscroll_right\*(fP	scroll window right
\*(fTscroll_up\*(fP	scroll window up
\*(fTsearch_backward\*(fP	search DVI file backward
\*(fTsearch_forward\*(fP	search DVI file forward
\*(fTuniversal_argument\*(fP	argument multiplier prefix
\*(fTvertical_move_fraction\*(fP	overlap for vertical move
\*(fTvertical_scroll_fraction\*(fP	overlap for vertical scroll
\*(fTzoom_down\*(fP	redisplay at lower magnification
\*(fTzoom_up\*(fP	redisplay at higher magnification

\*(fT
-keybindings:{
        exit_level = "E";
        first_page = "[";
        goto_page = "G";
        help = "?";
        home_window = "H";
        last_page = "]";
        next_page = "N";
        previous_page = "P";
        quit = "Q";
        redisplay = ".";
        scroll_down = "D";
        scroll_left = "L";
        scroll_right = "R";
        scroll_up = "U";
        search_backward = "B";
        search_forward = "S";
        universal_argument = "#";
        zoom_up = "Z";
}

-keybindings:{
        horizontal_move_fraction = 0.03125;
        horizontal_scroll_fraction = 0.9;
        move_down = "d";
        move_left = "l";
        move_right = "r";
        move_up = "u";
        next_page = " ";
        quit = "C-c";
        universal_argument = "C-u";
        vertical_move_fraction = 0.03125;
        vertical_scroll_fraction = 0.9;
        zoom_down = "z";
}
\*(fP

SCREEN CONTROL

• redisplay of the current page, possibly shifting it up, down, left, or right, to see more of it, or to restore a display trashed by an unexpected system message or transmission line error;
• continuation to the next page in the \*(fT.dvi\*(fP file;
• backing up to the previous page (useful if you overshoot);
• display of an arbitrary page by typing its sequence number;
• searching forwards or backwards in the \*(fT.dvi\*(fP file for the n-th occurrence of a text string;
• termination of execution.

The available commands are given elsewhere. See the Key Bindings section. Keyboard input is immediate; no terminating carriage return is necessary. Consequently, typing error correction is supported only for digit strings; they end at the first non-digit typed. The search commands accept an input string, scan the text-setting commands in the DVI file for that string, and then display the page in which the match was found. Letter case is ignored, and only alphanumeric characters in the string are matched, because other characters are often assigned to special font symbols. Thus, searching for the string \*(fTfoo.bar\*(fP will match against \*(fTFoo\*(fP followed by any number of non-alphanumeric characters followed by \*(fTBAR\*(fP; the string will also match \*(fTFooBar\*(fP. In the current implementation, searches do not cross page boundaries; a partial successful match at the end of a page will be accepted as a complete match. Zooming requires unloading all current fonts, and then reloading new ones; expect an initial delay of several tens of seconds when you use these options. It is likely that some font magnifications will be unavailable for zooming, so do not be alarmed if some characters are displayed as blanks when you do this. You can use the font substitution mechanism (-fontsubfile option above) to work around this, or you can ask your font administrator to generate the required magnifications. When font substitution happens because of an unavailable magnification, characters of an incorrect size are used with the spacing required for the font which TeX used, so output is likely to look peculiar. To avoid exhausting the BBN BitGraph terminal's font memory, larger characters as sent as raster bitmaps each time they are used, rather than as downloaded fonts, making the screen display much slower. The size limit is large enough that this should not be necessary except at large magnifications.

SPECIALS

Keyword	Type	Description
\*(fTboundingbox\*(fP	string	plot bounding box dimensions (partially implemented)
\*(fTgraphics\*(fP	string	low-level graphics commands (not yet implemented)
\*(fTinclude\*(fP	string	plot file at current point
\*(fTlanguage\*(fP	string	device language
\*(fTliteral\*(fP	string	device-dependent literal text
\*(fTmessage\*(fP	string	text to be displayed on terminal
\*(fToptions\*(fP	string	miscellaneous options (not yet implemented)
\*(fToverlay\*(fP	string	plot file overlayed on page
\*(fTposition\*(fP	string	plot positioning options (partially implemented)

\*(fT
position = "top left";
\*(fP

\*(fT
\special{literal = "\ 33[I"}
\*(fP

\*(fT
{
  \catcode`\@=0
  \catcode`\\=12
  @special{literal = "\ 33[I"}
}
\*(fP

\*(fT
%%BoundingBox: llx lly urx ury
\*(fP

\*(fT
%%BoundingBox: (atend)
\*(fP

\*(fT
%%BoundingBox: llx lly urx ury
\*(fP

\*(fT
SB % filename
...literal string...
...PostScript include file contents...
...PostScript overlay file contents...
SE % filename
\*(fP

\*(fT
CurrentX neg CurrentY neg translate
\*(fP

• the device size specified in the call to \*(fTSETSZ()\*(fP; it defaults to 11in if \*(fTSETSZ()\*(fP is not called.
• the device space specified in the call to \*(fTSETDS2()\*(fP or \*(fTSETDS3()\*(fP; it defaults in the CORE system to the unit square, but if the <PLOT79> framing routines are called, they will reset the device space to a horizontal or vertical frame in proportions of the local standard paper size (1 : 8.5/11 in the USA).

For example, if a device size of 5in is specified for a standard horizontal frame, the bounding box will be declared to be 5in wide and (8.5/11) x 5in = 3.8636in high, so a LaTeX manuscript requiring the plot could have the following commands at the start of a new paragraph:

\*(fT
\special{include "plotfilename"}
\vspace*{3.9in}
\*(fP

banddevice	grestoreall	nulldevice	setpageparams
copypage	initclip	quit	setsccbatch
erasepage	initgraphics	renderbands	setscreen
exitserver	initmatrix	setdevice	settransfer
framedevice	note	setmatrix

\*(fT
% Display a picture with the upper-left corner at the current
% point
\special{language "PostScript", include "pict.eps"}

% Display a picture at its original absolute page position
\special{language "PostScript", overlay "pict.eps"}

% Use literal PostScript to draw a 1in box with
% lower-left corner at TeX's current point
\special{language "PostScript",
   literal "
      newpath
      0 -72 translate % move origin from upper- to lower-left
      0 0 moveto
      0 72 rlineto
      72 0 rlineto
      0 -72 rlineto
      -72 0 rlineto
      closepath
      4 setlinewidth
      stroke
      showpage"}

% Display a figure at half size
\special{language "PostScript",
    literal "0.5 0.5 scale",
    include "pict.eps"}

% Display the figure in landscape mode by rotating the
% coordinates about the center of the bounding box
\special{language "PostScript",
    literal "
        BoxWidth 2 div BoxHeight 2 div translate
        90 rotate
        BoxWidth -2 div BoxHeight -2 div translate",
    include "pict.eps"}
\*(fP

\*(fT
 \begin{figure}[h]
   \caption{This caption is above the plot.}
   \special{include "plot1.ps"}
   \vspace*{4.2in}
 \nd{figure}
\*(fP

\*(fT
 \begin{figure}[h]
   \special{include "plot1.ps"}
   \vspace*{4.2in}
   \caption{This caption is below the plot.}
 \nd{figure}
\*(fP

\*(fT
\begin{figure}[h]
  \setlength{\unitlength}{0.01in}
  \begin{picture}(200,200)(0,-200)%
    \put(0,0){\circle*{15}}%
    \special{include "mypict.ps"}%
  \nd{picture}
  \caption{Positioning a plot in a {\tt picture} environment.}
\nd{figure}
\*(fP

\*(fT
\begin{figure}[h]
  \begin{center}
    \setlength{\unitlength}{0.01in}
    \begin{picture}(500,250)(-25,-25)
      \put(-25,-25){\line(1,0){500}}
      \put(-25,225){\line(1,0){500}}
      \put(-25,-25){\line(0,1){250}}
      \put(225,-25){\line(0,1){250}}
      \put(475,-25){\line(0,1){250}}
      \put(0,200){\circle*{15}}
      \put(0,200){%
        \begin{picture}(0,0)%
          \special{include "mypict.ps"}%
        \nd{picture}}
      \put(250,200){\circle*{15}}
      \put(250,200){%
        \begin{picture}(0,0)%
          \special{include "mypict.ps"}%
        \nd{picture}}
    \nd{picture}
  \nd{center}
  \caption{Centering two plots in a {\tt picture}
           environment.}
\nd{figure}
\*(fP

\*(fT
      \put(250,200){\special{include "mypict.ps"}}
\*(fP

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

\*(fTDVIFONTS\*(fP

This defines the directory search path for finding font files. If this variable is not defined, the value of \*(fTTEXFONTS\*(fP is used instead. It need be specified only when there might be a conflict with the \*(fTTEXFONTS\*(fP value used by other TeXware on the system.

\*(fTDVIHELP\*(fP

This defines an alternate help string which is typed when the user makes an input error. It should direct the user to additional documentation. For example, on TOPS-20, it might be \*(fTtry HELP DVI or XINFO DVI\*(fP.

\*(fTDVIINPUTS\*(fP

Define a search path for the startup initialization files, \*(Ps header files, and \*(fT\special{}\*(fP include files. See the Initialization Files section. If this variable is not defined, the value of \*(fTTEXINPUTS\*(fP is used instead. It need be specified only when there might be a conflict with the \*(fTTEXINPUTS\*(fP value used by other TeXware on the system.

\*(fTDVISCREEN\*(fP

This option is used by \*(fTdvivga\*(fP to select one of multiple screens; if it is not given, the default display is used. It takes one of the values:

\*(fTEGAM\*(fP

EGA monochrome

\*(fTEGAC\*(fP

EGA color

\*(fTMAXC\*(fP

Prisma EGAMAX 860

\*(fTVGAM\*(fP

VGA monochrome

\*(fTVGAC\*(fP

VGA color

\*(fTFONTFMT\*(fP

For each operating system, there is a built-in list of font file formats; they can be overridden at run-time by this environment variable. Its value contains one or more format strings, separated by semicolons, that define how the font file names (not including the directory paths) are to be constructed. For example, on TOPS-20, the default format list is

\*(fT
%n.%dpk;%n.%dgf;%n.%mpxl;%n.vf
\*(fP

A semicolon separates formats in the list. These format specifications are recognized:

\*(fT%n\*(fP

Substitute the font name.

\*(fT%m\*(fP

Substitute the magnification in old Metafont style (1000 means 200 dots/inch).

\*(fT%d\*(fP

Substitute the magnification in new Metafont style (dots/inch).

\*(fT%#p\*(fP

\*(fT#\*(fP is a digit string; substitute the first \*(fT#\*(fP characters of the font name. This facilitates subdividing large collections of fonts into subdirectories named by \*(fT#\*(fP-character prefixes of the file names.

In each of these, the format letter may be in either lower or upper case. With the above example, the font cmr10 at normal magnification for a 300-dpi laser printer would yield the list of names \*(fTcmr10.300pk\*(fP, \*(fTcmr10.300gf\*(fP, \*(fTcmr10.1500pxl\*(fP, and \*(fTcmr10.vf\*(fP. By changing this variable, you can alter the preferred font file format search order, or restrict the types of fonts that will be used. The default built-in values in the drivers always include PK, GF, PXL, and VF file types in that order; you can save a little driver run time by excluding types that you don't have. When fonts are looked up, the search order is to try each directory in the \*(fTTEXFONTS\*(fP list before attempting the next format in the \*(fTFONTFMT\*(fP list. If you specify a value for this variable in a PC DOS \*(fT.bat\*(fP file, you must double each percent character, since PC DOS uses percent as an argument escape character. Never include a TeX font metric file format in the \*(fTFONTFMT\*(fP list, because in the event of a missing font, that could prevent the DVI driver from attempting to use a neighboring magnification, a font substitution, or a dynamically-created font.

\*(fTFONTMAGS\*(fP

When font magnification, or substitution, is called for, the drivers need to be able to find neighboring members of the magnification family. Each driver has a built-in list of magnifications suitable for its output device, but this list is larger than most installations have, and consequently, the drivers may spend a little extra time doing file system lookups for non-existent files. To speed up these lookups, you can set the \*(fTFONTMAGS\*(fP variable to enumerate the available magnifications as a list of decimal integers separated by whitespace or punctuation characters (\*(fT:;,./\*(fP). These magnifications must be according to the convention of 1000 meaning 200 dots/inch, as used in PXL file naming. GF and PK files are named with a magnification in dots/inch, converted from the PXL magnification by the formula \*(fTdpi = floor(((double)pxlmag + 3.0)/5.0)\*(fP. Because of the rounding, it is not possible to uniquely determine a \*(fTpxlmag\*(fP value from the \*(fTdpi\*(fP value, so if you have only GF or PK fonts, you will have to work out the corresponding \*(fTpxlmag\*(fP values yourself. For example, if you have magnification steps 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of a 300-dpi font family, you could set \*(fTFONTMAGS\*(fP to the list 1500, 1643, 1800, 2160, 2592, 3110, 3732. These values correspond to \*(fTdpi\*(fP values of 300, 329, 360, 432, 518, 622, and 746. If you use the same font directories for all devices, set this variable in the system-wide \*(fTdvi.ini\*(fP file. Otherwise, you may want to have device-specific settings in separate system-wide \*(fTdvixxx.ini\*(fP files for each \*(fTdvixxx\*(fP driver. See the Initialization Files section. At some sites, GF and PK font files have been found named with magnifications that are incorrectly rounded from the \*(fTpxlmag\*(fP values; you can create values in the \*(fTFONTMAGS\*(fP variable that will match these, using the equation given above. The drivers will choose the closest match to the needed magnification.

\*(fTFSMAPFILE\*(fP

This defines the name of the filename cache file. This need not exist, but if it does, then files to be opened are searched for first in the cache, and only if they are not found is the file system consulted.

\*(fTMAKETEXPK\*(fP

This defines the command to be used to create missing fonts dynamically. See the Dynamic Font Creation section.

\*(fTMISSINGFONTLOG\*(fP

This defines the name of the log file in which commands to create missing fonts will be recorded, if dynamic font creation has been suppressed by a command-line option.

\*(fTPSMAPFILE\*(fP

This defines the name of the \*(Ps font mapping file. See the Virtual Fonts section.

\*(fTSPOOLFMT\*(fP

This is used on operating systems that support a \*(fTsystem()\*(fP call to pass a command to the host operating system. Its value should be a string containing at least one \*(fT%s\*(fP format item which will be replaced at run time by the DVI driver's output file name; the string will then be executed as a system command to send the output file to the printer queue. The default value on UNIX is \*(fTlpr %s\*(fP.

\*(fTTERM\*(fP

This is used only for \*(fTdvibit\*(fP; if it does not evaluate to either \*(fTbitgraph\*(fP or \*(fTbg\*(fP, \*(fTdvibit\*(fP will refuse to run. On UNIX, this is the conventional way of defining terminal types with the \*(fTtermcap\*(fP or \*(fTterminfo\*(fP systems. This variable is ignored on VAX VMS, since the VMS C library sets it to a value which can never be \*(fTbitgraph\*(fP or \*(fTbg\*(fP.

\*(fTTEXFONTS\*(fP

This defines the directory search path for finding font files. Each directory in the path is prepended in turn to the name of a TeX font constructed with a \*(fTFONTFMT\*(fP format to get a full file specification. A typical value in UNIX for \*(fTTEXFONTS\*(fP would be \*(fT/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts\*(fP. On TOPS-20, font cmr10 on a 300-dpi device might correspond to the files \*(fTtexfonts:cmr10.300gf\*(fP, \*(fTtexfonts:cmr10.300pk\*(fP, or \*(fTtexfonts:cmr10.1500pxl\*(fP.

\*(fTTEXINPUTS\*(fP

This defines the directory path for finding files which are not in the current working directory. It is prepended to file names. A typical value in UNIX would be \*(fT/usr/local/lib/tex/macros\*(fP.

\*(fTTFMFMT\*(fP

This defines the format of TeX font metric file names, using the same format codes as for \*(fTFONTFMT\*(fP. A typical value would be \*(fT%n.tfm\*(fP.

The \*(fTDVIFONTS\*(fP, \*(fTDVIINPUTS\*(fP, \*(fTTEXFONTS\*(fP, and \*(fTTEXINPUTS\*(fP variables define a search directory list path containing one or more directories, separated by one or more characters that depend on the host operating system. A directory path is separated from a file name by another character that will be supplied if it is not specified in the paths in the search list. The acceptable separator characters are as follows:

+(\w'Directory Separators'u+2n)
Operating System	Path Separators	Directory Separators
Atari TOS	\*(fT<space> ; , |\*(fP	\*(fT\\*(fP
PC DOS	\*(fT<space> ; , |\*(fP	\*(fT\\*(fP
Primos	\*(fT<space>\*(fP	\*(fT>\*(fP
RMX	\*(fT<space> ; , |\*(fP	\*(fT/\*(fP
TOPS-20	\*(fT<space> ; , |\*(fP	\*(fT: >\*(fP
UNIX	\*(fT<space> : ; , |\*(fP	\*(fT/\*(fP
VAX VMS	\*(fT<space> ; , |\*(fP	\*(fT: ]\*(fP

IBM PC CAVEATS

\*(fT
FILES=12
BUFFERS=12
\*(fP

\*(fT
set NO87=no-8087-available
\*(fP

\*(fT
set 87=n
\*(fP

INITIALIZATION FILES

\*(fT
% dvialw.ini
% Define some paper types known to the Apple LaserWriter
% [10-Jun-89]

-backwards              % Apple LaserWriter stacks face up

-paper={
        paper = "ALW-note";
        use = "letter";
        x_left = 0.41in;
        x_right = 0.41in;
        y_top = 0.42in;
        y_bottom = 0.42in;
        }

-paper:{
        paper = "ALW-letter";
        use = "letter";
        x_left = 0.25in;
        x_right = 0.25in;
        y_top = 0.04in;
        y_bottom = 0.04in;
        }

-paper:{
        paper = "ALW-legal";
        use = "US-legal";       % long paper format
        x_left = 0.89in;
        x_right = 0.89in;
        y_top = 0.5in;
        y_bottom = 0.5in;
        }
\*(fP

\*(fT
% dvijep.ini
% For HP LaserJet Plus printers
% [03-Aug-89]
-backwards                      % change stacking order
\*(fP

FILES

\*(fT*.dvi\*(fP

TeX DeVice Independent output file.

\*(fT*.dvi-err\*(fP

TeX DVIxxx translator error log.

\*(fT*.dvi-xxx\*(fP

TeX DVIxxx translator output file.

\*(fT*.err\*(fP

TeX DVIxxx translator error log when long extensions are not available.

\*(fT*.ini\*(fP

TeX DVIxxx translator initialization file.

\*(fT*.sub\*(fP

DVI file-specific font substitution file.

\*(fT*.xxx\*(fP

TeX DVIxxx translator output file when long extensions are not available.

\*(fTDVISPOOL\*(fP

Environment variable (4.xBSD UNIX only) defining program or shell script which sends translation of DVI file to the appropriate output spooler.

\*(fTDVISPOOL:\*(fP

Logical name (TOPS-20 only) defining program which sends translation of DVI file to the appropriate output spooler.

\*(fTtexfonts.sub\*(fP

Job-wide font substitution file.

\*(fTtexfonts:*.*pxl\*(fP

TeX default font rasters.

\*(fTtexfonts:*.*gf\*(fP

TeX default font rasters.

\*(fTtexfonts:*.*pk\*(fP

TeX default font rasters.

\*(fTtexinputs:dvialw.ps\*(fP

\*(Ps header file containing standard macro definitions prefixed to \*(Ps output from \*(fTdvialw\*(fP.

\*(fTtexinputs:texfonts.sub\*(fP

System-wide font substitution file.

SEE ALSO

BUGS

Nelson H. F. Beebe
Center for Scientific Computing
Department of Mathematics
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT 84112
USA

Tel: +1 801 581 5254
FAX: +1 801 581 4148
E-mail: beebe@math.utah.edu (Internet)

AUTHORS